Asphalt shingle
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Asphalt shingles provide waterproof protection through a combination of asphalt-saturated materials and protective granules. These affordable roofing materials dominate North American residential construction due to their simple installation and cost-effectiveness
Historical Development
Henry Reynolds of Grand Rapids invented asphalt shingles in 1903. By 1911, they gained widespread use across the United States, reaching production of 11 million squares by 1939
The 1920s saw rapid adoption after the U.S. National Board of Fire Underwriters campaigned against wooden shingles
Material Composition
Base Materials
Two primary types exist: organic and fiberglass. The organic version uses a mat of paper, cellulose, or wood fiber, while fiberglass shingles employ glass fiber reinforcing mat. Both receive an asphalt coating and mineral granules for protection
Surface Protection
The top layer features slate, schist, quartz, or ceramic granules that block UV rays and provide color variation. Lighter shades reflect heat in warm climates, while darker ones absorb heat in cooler regions
Performance Ratings
Wind Resistance
The American Society of Civil Engineers established three wind resistance classes:
- Class D: Up to 90 mph
- Class G: Up to 120 mph
- Class H: Up to 150 mph
Durability Factors
Shingles perform best in consistent temperatures. Thermal shock from rapid temperature changes causes the most aging damage. Installation requires temperatures above 50°F (10°C) for proper bonding
Maintenance Requirements
Regular inspection prevents premature deterioration. Organic growth like algae and lichen can damage shingles through chemical and physical processes. Copper or zinc strips installed at the roof ridge help prevent moss and algae growth
Environmental Impact
Modern recycling programs process about 1.1 million tons of reclaimed shingles annually. These materials find new life in asphalt concrete mixtures for road surfaces, though some states restrict their use due to potential asbestos content in older shingles
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_shingle
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